ESTABLISHMENT AND ACHIEVEMENT OF THE PBLIS IN KOREA

Byungchan Ryu
Cadastral Division, Ministry of Home Affairs
Republic of KOREA
Fax 82-2-731-2872
Telephone 82-2-731-2540
Email : ryubc@unitel.co.kr

Jungho Kim
Training Institute, Korea Cadastral Survey Corp.
Republic of KOREA
Fax 82-335-35-0853
Telephone 82-335-35-0851
Email : juhkim@kcsc.co.kr

ABSTRACT

After a Land Survey Department, Yangchiamoon, was established in 1898, a land surveying project was embarked on for the purpose of registration all of the parcels in cadastral records at a nationwide level. This is the starting point of the Korean cadastral system. A national land and a forest-surveying project were completed in 1910.

Since current cadastral maps were published 90 years ago, in recent years many problems have been occurred in providing accurate surveying results to the public because of their expansion, contraction and abrasion. In addition there are also many difficulties in planning, deciding and executing land policy due to a partial discrepancy between the reality of the cadastral records and current land use.

The government completed a computerisation project for the cadastral records to overcome the above problems. As a result on-line services in all counties/cities/provinces are being offered to the public and a model project for the computerisation of the cadastral map has been performed with a pre-study and a pilot project since 1996. There is also a plan to establish PBLIS for meeting the era of information in 21st century by expanding a cadastral computerisation project over the whole country and carrying out a cadastral reform project by stages based on technology and experience acquired from the projects.

1. INTRODUCTION

The PBLIS project is recently being carried out by establishing an Alphanumeric Database (ADB) system for the data of cadastral books and a Graphic Database (GDB) for cadastral maps.

As the result of establishing the ADB system in 1980, 32 million parcels have been put into the system in digital format, and with a nationwide on-line network the computer system operated the readjustment of changed matters and the public services such as reading and issuing a copy of cadastral records in 1990.

In regard to the GDB system, however, a model project is being carried out for 2 years, since 1996, through a pre-study and a pilot project for making out the master plan from 1992 to 1995. Finally it will be extended to all over the country from 1998 onwards.

This paper will therefore examine the problems of the cadastral system and the status of a current ADB system for establishing an efficient PBLIS by linking together ADB and GDB. It will also discuss the effect of the GDBs recently and presented the issue for successful establishment of the system.

2. THE PROBLEMS AND STATUS OF THE CADASTRAL SYSTEM

The modern Korean cadastral system was established by embarking on a nationwide surveying project that was carried out by a Land Survey Department, Yangchiamoon, in 1898. Then it was completed by finishing a land surveying project and a forest-surveying project during 1910-1924. This year, 1998, is the 100th anniversary of its establishment.

These days the current Korean cadastral system, however, has many problems despite it’s a long history. As a result, cadastral reform becomes therefore an urgent issue that should be embarked on due to the following problems.

Firstly, it is difficult to deliver accurate surveying results to the public. The Korea cadastral maps were published 90 years ago. Therefore most of them are expanded, contracted and abraded. They are, however, still used in the plain table surveying which is a main surveying method in Korea ;

Secondly, it is difficult to plan, decide and execute land policy effectively and efficiently such as registration, taxation and landuse planning because of the want of the public confidence. Partial discrepancies are often occurred between the matters registered in cadastral records (cadastral books and cadastral maps) and current land status (land use, land category, boundary, area, landowner, etc.);

Thirdly, even though the registered matters in cadastral books are completely input into the alphanumeric D/B system and on-line network public services are offered over 15 metropolitan cities/provinces and 260 cities/districts/counties from April 1990. It is nearly impossible to use the integrated data between cadastral books and cadastral maps because the graphic D/B system is not established yet.

To overcome these problems the government is enacting a special law through pilot projects and public forums for a cadastral reform project. It is, however, delayed in the enactment due to the following problems: lack of the rearrangement of surveying control points; the need for too much skilled manpower; enormous expense, settlement of the difference between area by the right of title and area by the right of current occupation, etc.

As a first step, establishment of PBLIS through computerisation of the current cadastral maps therefore necessitate acquirement of the new technology and experience for cadastral reform and provide basemaps for managing the underground facilities such as sewage, water supply, electricity and gas systems effectively and efficiently, which are commonly used in national organisations, local governments, and public institutions.

PLAN AND ACHIEVEMENT FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PBLIS

3.1 Formation of computerisation base

After the formation of a computerisation base as a revision the cadastral law in 1975 the establishment of the PBLIS divided into alphanumeric and graphic D/B systems has been performed by stages as followings:

3.1.1 Numbering parcel ID system

Permanent ID numbers were given to every 29 million parcels which were registered in cadastral books during 1976-1978 as shown in Table 1. As a result it became possible to play a key role in searching for data.

Table 1. Unique ID numbering system by parcel

3.1.2 Numbering the code for registered data of land and forest cadastral books

Cadastral books were classified into the land cadastral book and the forest cadastral book, and items registered in cadastral books such as scale, land category, land mutation, the reason for ownership change were also coded as in the following Table 2 or 6.

29 million parcels registered in cadastral books were reproduced by card books and given code numbers by parcel during 1976-1978.

Table 4. Land category code

3.1.3 Development of the standardisation of cadastral books card

Cadastral books published in the 1910s were standardised in card books for computerisation and cadastral records for 29 million parcels were reproduced at a cost of 3,000 million won (state expense: 800 million, local expense: 2,200 million) for 4 years (1975- 1978).

3.1.4 Introduction of the metric system

The unit of "Pyong" and "Bo" had measured parcel area according to the Korean metric system until the metric system was introduced. From 1979 to 1980 areas of 31million parcels were converted into the metric system by square metre.

3.1.5 Registration of unique ID by types of land owners

Unique ID numbers were given in 32 million parcels during 1979-1986, which were developed in unchangeable ID, as in the following Table 7, by types of land owners such as natural person, state, local government, corporation, juridical foundation, foreign government, foreigner and etc.

Table 7. The classification number by types of land owners

3.2 Establishment of the Alphanumeric D/B system

The computerization project has been performed by stages as follows since 1980 for the purpose of computer processing in copy, reading and adjustment for the alteration of cadastral books by establishing the ADB for 32 million parcels.

Pilot project

• Period : 1978-1981(4years)
• Developer : Ministry of Home Affairs(MOHA), Ministry of Government Administration(MOGA), Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology(KAIST), local governments (Northern Chungchong Province. Southern Chungchong Province) etc.
• Main project : Establishment of the alphanumeric D/B system
• Total parcels : 1,520 thousand parcels
• Related organizations : 2 Districts in Taejon Metropolitan City 11 Cities/Districts in Northern Chungchong Province.
• Budget : 1,994 million won (state expense:1,338, local expense : 656)

Extension of the project over nationwide

• Period : 1982-1984 (3 years)
• Developer : MOHA, MOGA, Provinces, Cities/Districts/Counties
• Main project :
  • Establishment of the alphanumeric D/B system in all Metropolitan Cities and Provinces
  • Instruction of main computer system and connection of the on-line network
• Total parcels : 32 million parcels
• Related organizations : 15 Metropolitan Cities/Provinces and 260 Cities/
• Districts/Counties
• Budget : 5,700 million won (state expense : 30, local expense : 27)

Nationwide on-line network system

• Period : 1987-1990(4years)
• Developer : MOHA, KAIST
• Main project :
  • Establishment of local computer center in all Metropolitan Cities and Provinces
  • Setting up PC in Cities/Districts/Counties
  • Construction of the on-line network over Ministry of Home Affairs, 15 Metropolitan Cities and Provinces, and 260 Cities/Districts/Counties
• Related organizations : 5 Metropolitan Cities/Provinces and 260 Cities/ Districts/Counties
• Budget : 19,500 million won (state expense : 18,200, local expense : 1,300)

Establishment of national land information centre

• Period : 1994 - Feb. 1995
• Developer : MOHA, National Computerization Agency(NCA)
• Main project :
  • Setting up two main computers in the office of the MOHA
  • Integrate the D/B system :
• Computerization of the data for cadastral records of 32 million parcels
• Computerization of the data for resident registration (46million persons)
• Computerization of the data for published land price (26millon parcels)
• Budget : 537millon won at the cost of state

3.3. Establishment of the graphic D/B system

As a part of plan of the establishment of a national geographic information system (NGIS) decided in May 1995, 34million parcels registered in cadastral maps have been stored into the computer system since 1996. As a result computerisation project for establishing PBLIS interconnecting with GDB and ADB is being performed by stages as follows:

Pilot project

• Period : 1996-1997(2 years)
• Developer : MOHA, NCA, Ministry of Construction and Transportation, National Tax Administration, Korea Cadastral Survey Corp. etc.
• Main project : Establishment of the graphic D/B
• Total parcels : 75,161 parcels (176.4km)
• Related organizations : Yoosong District in Taejon Metropolitan City

Achievement

• Input data : Complete the establishment of the graphic D/B by digitizing the boundaries of 75 thousand parcels.
  • Digitizing of coordinates : Micro Vax-2 (main computer)
  • Coordinates digitizer : System 2
  • Automatic drafting machine : AC-1200
• System Development
  • Plan for integration of the ADB and GDB
  • Plan for processing the copies of a land cadastral book and a forest cadastral book in one step.
  • Plan for providing the base map for efficient management of road, sewage and water supply facilities.

3.3.3 Extension of the project over nationwide

• Period : 1998-2000(3 years)
• Developer : MOHA, NCA
• Main project :
  • Development of the tools and software for the PBLIS
  • Computerization of the data in the land cadastral map and the forest cadastral map
  • Construction of the on-line network through MOHA, 15 Metropolitan Cities/Provinces, and 260 Cities/Districts/Counties
• Total parcels : 34 million parcels
• Budget : 284,900 million won (software development : 5,200 Database System : 140,500 purchasing equipment : 143,900)
• ’98 budget : 10,000 million won at the cost of state

4. ISSUES FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SUCCESSFUL PBLIS

4.1 Data arrangement

Many problems have occurred in performing the pilot project for establishing a graphic D/B system because most of current cadastral maps are contracted, abraded and also classified into several different scales. As the result the maps are not fitted exactly when they are joined together. Furthermore registered matters in them are not in accordance with that of the cadastral books.

Its data arrangement should therefore be totally preceded, then input into computer systems before establishing a nationwide GDB system.

4.2 Professional education

It is needed to educate technical manpower for establishing graphic D/B. Professionals for establishing the PBLIS should therefore be secured by stages as facilitating positive education program for producing new cadastral manpower through regular school education such as technical colleges and universities and re-education for the existing cadastral officers and staffs in KCSC.

4.3 Secure the budget

20,000 million won was secured in the ’98 budget for establishing GDBs and purchasing computer equipment. A budget of 2,64,900 million won should also be secured by year for establishing a GDB of 34 million parcels

4.4 Cooperation with industry, academia, institutes and government

For completing the GDB and establishing the PBLIS successfully, a cooperative system should be reinforced for collecting and frequently reflecting opinion by establishing a consultant organisation consisting of professionals in the following fields: related government agency, metropolitan /city/province, city/district/county, professor, institute, computer expert agency, etc.

5. CONCLUSION

The alphanumeric D/B system in Korea was completed successfully for a period of 10 years from 1980 on, and then from 1992 to late 1995 a pre-study and a pilot project were performed to establish a graphic D/B(GDB) system. During 1996-1997 a model project was conducted for establishing a GDB system by selecting one county; a PBLIS project will be carried out at a national level by extending it to the whole country from 1998 on.

Data of cadastral maps will be computerised with the Know-how learnt from the project for establishing the Alphanumeric D/B system, which has been performed for 20 years since base construction of computerisation project, was started in 1976. This is to achieve the ultimate objects of the Korea cadastral system:

Firstly, establishing the PBLIS connected with Alphanumeric D/B makes public services which are separated into copies and readings of the cadastral books and the cadastral maps respectively improve dramatically in one step processing;

Secondly, it will provide the related land information and base maps with accuracy and speed to plan, decide and execute land policy effectively and efficiently by establishing a common use system in state, local government, public organisation and the public;

Thirdly, it will be necessitate to educate technical manpower and leaders of the cadastral part for establishing PBLIS in the era of information in the 21st century by the following : establishing a cadastral department in technical colleges and universities ; a cadastral technical college which is similar to the ENC in France for professional education ; and supporting going abroad for study to gain the new technology of developed countries in cadastre.

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National Computerization Agency, "Report for the establishing of National

Information Center" Dec.1994

National Computerisation Agency, "Report for the prototype development of Total

Land Information System" Dec. 1994

National Geography Institute, "Study for management and improvement of digital

map" May 1997

National Land Development Institute, "International seminar for implementation of

GIS in public sector" Oct. 1997

National Land Development Institute, "Study for the method of digital mapping for

national basemap" May 1996

National Land Development Institute, "Development of the implementation of the GIS

regional information in local governments" April 1996

The Ministry of Home Affairs, "Final Report on the model project for the

computerisation of cadastral map" Dec. 1996

The Ministry of Home Affairs, "Report on system development for the model project

for the computerisation of cadastral map" Dec. 1996

The Ministry of Home Affairs, "Report for the establishing of National Information

Centre" Jan. 1995