QUESTIONNAIRE REGARDING CADASTRAL PROJECTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

by

Agneta Ericsson
and
Susanne Eriksson
Swedesurvey
SE-801 82 Gävle Sweden
Tel:+46-26-63 33 83, fax:+46-46-65 18 19
E-mail: agneta@swedesurvey.se

ABSTRACT

The main aim of the questionnaire, which was sent out by the working group 7.2 of Commission 7, is to collect information on on-going projects concerning cadastral issues in developing countries. The information gathered is also supposed to facilitate exchange of information and experiences regarding cadastral progress in developing countries.

The approaching presentation is a brief analysis of the content of the questionnaire and a presentation country by country. Detailed documentation from the questionnaire can be obtained from the Working Group.

INTRODUCTION

The questionnaire was first sent out to all FIG-delegates in Commission 7 in Autumn 1994. By May 1995, 24 countries sent in their answers to the Working Group and the result was presented at a seminar held in Gävle by the Working Group in May 1995. The questionnaire has then been distributed among participants and new member countries at Commission 7´s annual meetings. Furthermore, the questionnaire has been spread out among people concerned, from developing countries, on different occasions, i.e., seminars and courses. A new presentation and documentation of the results, including the new answers, were presented at the symposium "Cadastral System in Developing Countries" in Malaysia in May 1997.

AN ANALYSE OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE

Answering countries: The Working Group has received 45 answers from 34 countries. In some cases, the answers concern the same project and are, therefore, not mentioned in the following results. The following presentation concerns 35 projects. The numbers of answering countries, the amount of projects and the name of the countries per continent are as follows:

Africa: 10 countries and 10 projects, namely Botswana, Egypt, Ghana, Madagascar, Morocco (2 projects), Namibia, Swaziland, South Africa, Tanzania (Zanzibar), Uganda (no project and, therefore, not included in the following);

Asia: 11 countries and 12 projects, namely Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China (2 projects), Indonesia, Jordan, Malaysia, Nepal, Republic of Korea, Republic of Philippines and Turkey;

Eastern Europe: 5 countries and projects, namely: the Czech Republic, Latvia, Poland, Slovenian, the Slovak Republic;

Latin America: 8 countries and 7 projects: Argentina (not included in this report), Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Jamaica, and Uruguay;

The size of the project area: The trend among the projects is that they are either rather small (9 projects were between 1,5 ha and 2500 sq. km.) or that they cover the whole country (10 projects). In four of the projects, the project-area is between 15 000 sq. km and 80 000 sq. km. The areas are not presented in 13 answers.

The main purpose of the project: In general, the projects have a multi-purpose character. The main purpose is to improve the land use planning and land management (25 projects), documentation of land ownership (25 projects), land valuation and taxation (24 projects), improve land registration to support a land market (23 projects) and improve recording of land users or owners (22 answers).In Eastern Europe, improvement of land registration to support a land market is mentioned as one of the main objectives in all the projects.

The overall turn-over and the time-frame for the projects: Only 4 projects have mentioned the turn-over for each project and the costs mentioned are 0,17 MUSD (time frame 1 year), 2 MUSD (3 year), 16 MUSD (54 year) and 100 MUSD. Many projects seem to be short-term projects and 9 projects are estimated to have a time-frame of 1-4 years and nine projects are estimated to take 5-15 years. Only two projects are estimated to take more than 15 years.

Financing of the project: In 25 projects, the government contributes with funds to the projects. In 9 projects the government is the only financier. In Eastern Europe, the governments contribute with funds at a higher level than in the other countries (the projects are sponsored by the government with at least 67 % and up till 100 %). Other mentioned financiers are ADB, AUSAID, B.A.D, BID, BIRD, DGIS, FINNIDA, GTZ, Ibis, O.D.A, Phare, Sida, UNDP, UNIF and the Worldbank through loans and/or funds.

Computerising of land records, digitising maps, GPS, photogrammetry and simple mapping: In almost all projects (32 projects), the land records are being computerised. Also the maps are digitised to a large extent (in 29 projects). GPS and photogrammetry are used in 25 projects and simple mapping based on aerial photos in 21. Simple mapping is most common in Africa (in 9 of the 10 projects).

New legislation: New legislation is included in 18 projects. In Eastern Europe 4 of 5 projects are working with this issue. The objectives of the new legislation, among other things, are to:

• simplify the land register procedure;
• improve land ownership;
• adjudicate titles;
• establish cadastral legislation;

Organisational development and new organisations: 17 projects are working with organisational matters. Organisational development and new organisations are most common in African projects. Organisational development concerns;

• totally new organisation;
• merging departments;
• delegation of work;
• new methods;
• decentralisation of data collection;
• decentralisation of data;

Co-operation with other bodies: Many of the projects are involved in co-operation between the cadastre organisation and other bodies (25 projects) especially in Africa (8 of 10) and in Eastern Europe (4 of 5). Co-operation with municipalities is most frequent. Other mentioned bodies are the taxation authorities, registration agencies, governmental agencies, NGOs, companies and other countries.

Registration under customary tenure: Registration of land under customary tenure is included in 5 of 10 projects in Africa, 4 of 12 in Asia and 2 of 5 in Eastern Europe. No projects in Latin America include customary tenure.

Land reforms: Land reforms are included in 15 projects. All continents are represented. Six projects concern a major change of responsibilities for management of land and 9 concerns' redistribution of land.

Participation of people concerned and local administration: In 15 projects the participation of people concerned and local administration is given special attention.

Land use planning and surveying: Land use planning is a part of the project in 18 projects, whereas GIS are used in 11 projects.

Land Valuation: Land valuation is included in 21 projects. The aim is to improve the market information (13 projects) and the valuation system (17 projects). Land valuation occurs in 6 of 7 projects in Latin America.

The costs for the projects: In 14 projects, the costs for the projects are expressed in costs per parcel and/ or the title. In 9 projects, the costs per parcel, including the costs for surveying and mapping, are estimated to be 1, 1.4, 12, 15, 20, 33, 36, 52 and 135 US dollar. In 5 projects the costs for per title parcel, including the costs for surveying and mapping, are 0.1, 6, 30, 60 and 162 US dollar. In 2 projects, the costs per parcel, excluding the costs for surveying and mapping, are 10 and 50 US dollar/parcel. In 3 projects, the costs are expressed in cost per ha, namely 8, 10 respectively 20 US dollar per ha.

Expected benefits, benefits related to costs and expected cost/benefit ratio: The expected benefits from the projects are mentioned in general terms, such as accurate information and taxation, make information available, improve land management, confirmation of ownership, uniform land information system, automation in the field of land registry and cadastre etc. -The benefits related to costs are not specified in the answers. -The expected cost/benefit ratio is estimated in 6 projects to be namely; 1:1, 1:3 (2 projects), 1:4, 1:7 and 50%.

Interesting approaches of the project of common interest: Some ideas about interesting approaches of common interest are given in the questionnaires, i.e., aerial photos using GPS, locally held registers, community participation, different stages of land tenure/rights that relates to the stage of planning, demarcating the extent of a whole squatter camp and removing that portion of land from the land register, further registration of individual dwellings on that land by some lesser form of registration procedure, to take local traditions and conditions into account, etc.

A BRIEF PRESENTATION COUNTRY BY COUNTRY

Africa

Botswana: The main purposes of the project in Botswana are documentation of land ownership, improvement of land registration to support a land market and improvement of land valuation and taxation. The following issues are included in the project; computerisation of land records, digitisation of cadastral maps, surveying using GPS, mapping using photogrammetry, simple mapping, co-operation with other concerned bodies and land valuation.

Information regarding costs and finances of the project are not submitted in the questionnaire. Mentioned though is that the government is the sole contributor of the project (100%). The cost/benefit ratio is expected to be 1:3.

Statistics

Egypt: is putting its efforts into the improvement of land management of land under customary tenure, improvement of land use planning and land management as well as the improvement of recording land users and owners. Included in the cadastral development project are, e.g., computerisation of land records, digitisation of cadastral maps, surveying using GPS, mapping using photogrammetry, co-operation with other concerned bodies, participation of the people concerned and local administration.

Statistics

No figures presented.

Ghana: The main objectives of the project are documentation of land ownership, improvement of land registration to support land market, improvement of land management under customary tenure, improvement of land valuation and taxation as well as improvement of recording land users or owner. The project includes computerising of land records as well as cadastral maps. This work is carried out by different organisations. Simple mapping based upon rectified orthophotos is used in the mapping part. Title and adjudication legislation is being elaborated and a new origination is set up.

The time frame is two years and the World Bank finances the project.

Statistics

Madagascar: The main purposes of the project are to document land ownership, improve land valuation and taxation and to improve land use planning and land management. The land records and the maps are being computerised. The production of maps is done by enlargement of orthophotos. Madagascar is elaborating a new legislation and a new organisation is set up. Registration of land under customary tenure is included as well as participation of people concerned and local administration. The project is co-operating with other concerned bodies aiming at improvement of the environment. To be able to speed up the project, the procedures are being simplified.

The project in Madagascar has a long-term approach and is financed by governmental funds (20%) as well as loans from financial institutes (80 %). The costs for the project are estimated to be 10 US/ha, which includes cadastral surveying and mapping.

Statistics

Morocco In Morocco there are two different projects running: a) a Juridical Cadastre Project and b) a National Cadastre Project. The main purposes of project a) are to document land ownership, improve land registration, support a land market, improve land management of land under customary tenure, improve land use planning and land management and ultimately improve the recording of land users and owners. Project b) also includes rural land consolidation.

a) Juridical Cadastre Project: In order to achieve the goals the following issues are included: computerisation of land records, digitisation of cadastral maps, surveying using GPS, mapping using photogrammetry, simple mapping based on aerial photos, introduction of new legislation, establishment of new organisation, organisational development, registration of land under customary tenure, land reforms, redistribution of land from state to individuals and finally creation of processes dedicated to the participation of the people concerned and local administration.

b) The National Cadastre Project: Includes computerisation of land records, digitisation of cadastral maps, mapping using photogrammetry, simple mapping based on aerial photos, co-operation with other concerned bodies, land reforms in the form of redistribution of land from state to individuals, land use planning and surveying as well as land valuation for improved market information.

The two projects are financed by different means, the Juridical Project receives funds from the budget "ACFCC-Administration de la conservation fonciére du Cadastre et de la Cartographie" and the National Project through governmental funds (30%) and the remaining (70%) through a loan from BIRD. The cost for project a) sums up to 8 USD/hectare including cadastral surveying and mapping. The cost for project b) is 20 USD/hectare and includes surveying and mapping as well.

Statistics

Namibia is putting its efforts into documentation of land ownership, improvement of land valuation and taxation, improvement of land use planning and land management as well as improvement of recording of land users or owners.

Following cadastral development project are included, surveying using GPS, mapping using photogrammetry, simple mapping based on aerial photos (enlarged), introduction of new legislation, organisational development and co-operation within the country with other concerned bodies.

In regards to finances and costs, the Namibian project is partly financed by the government (20%) and partly through the donor organisation Ibis (Danish NGO and the Ministry of Lands, Resettlement and Rehabilitation) (80%). The pilot project will run from May 1995 until April 1996. The costs of the project have not yet been calculated. The expected benefits have not been accounted for either.

Statistics

South Africa has an extensive cadastral project as far as both graphical/technical and administrative issues are concerned. All issues in question no.5 are included in the project and are ranging from computerisation of land records to the introduction of new legislation and land valuation.

The main purposes are documentation of land ownership, improvement of land registration to support a land market, improvement of land management of land under customary tenure, improvement of land use planning and land management, improvement of recording of land users or owners and finally identifying of state-owned land for redistribution to disadvantaged communities.

The timeframe of the project is five years and the project will be entirely financed through governmental funds. The costs are estimated to be 1 USD/per parcel including cadastral surveying and 0.1 USD/per title. The expected benefits of the reform will be that the cadastral and topographical information will become more freely available and accessible for planning, agricultural reforms and housing purposes. Tremendous socio-economic benefits related to fairly high costs will be the outcome when calculating the benefits of the reform.

Statistics

Swaziland: The cadastral development project in Swaziland concentrates on the improvement of technology and includes co-operation with other concerned bodies. The main purposes of the project are to improve land valuation and taxation as well as improve land use planning and land management.

The project is financed partly through governmental funds and partly by the donor organisation O.D.A. and is running from 1993 until 1996. The costs are estimated to be 15.00 USD/per parcel including cadastral surveying and mapping. The possible expected benefits mentioned are improved land management, collection of urban land tax and improved use of data storage.

Statistics

Tanzania (Zanzibar): The main purposes of the cadastral development project in the case of Zanzibar are to document land ownership, to improve land registration, land management, land valuation and land taxation, land use planning and land management and recording of land. Zanzibar is also aiming at supporting environmental management.

In order to finance the cadastral project the government is contributing 20 % from funds and the donor organisation FINNIDA 80 %. Expressed in USD the cost for the project comes to 30 USD per title. The overall turnover is 1.5 million USD in five years.

Issues from the graphical/technical part as well as from the administrative part are included in the project. The graphical/technical part constitutes of the following issues; computerisation of land records, digitalisation of cadastral maps, surveying using GPS, mapping using photogrammetry and simple mapping based on aerial photos of all types of photos such as enlarged, rectified, not rectified, ortophotos. The administrative part is made up of introduction of new legislation, establishment of a new organisation, organisational development, registration of land under customary tenure, land reforms, processes dedicated to the participation of the people concerned, land use planning and finally of land valuation.

Regarding expected benefits there are three stated namely; improved security of tenure, stimulation of investment in land and improvement of the taxation system. Neither the benefits related to costs nor the cost/benefit ratio has been studied yet.

Statistics

Asia

Bangladesh: The cadastral development project in Bangladesh includes documentation of land ownership. The project also aims at improving land valuation and land taxation, land use planning and management and recording land users or owners. The project concerns computerising of both land records and maps. The project covers 25 % of the country. The project does not include organisational development but there is a co-operation with other concerned bodies within the country.

The time frame for the project is two years and is financed by the Asian Development bank (80 %) and the government (20 %).

Statistics

Bhutan: The priorities of Bhutan concerning the main purposes of the cadastral development project are principally documentation of land ownership and improvement of recording of land users or owners. Only a brief presentation of finances and costs is given in the questionnaire.

The project is financed through UNDP and Sida, but neither the percentage nor the cost in USD is mentioned. Nothing is said about the overall turnover or the time frame for the project either. The issues included in the project are computerisation of land records, digitisation of cadastral maps, land use planning and surveying. The expected cost/benefit ratio has not yet been worked out.

Statistics

Cambodia: The main purpose of the cadastral development project in Cambodia is to document land ownership, improve land registration to support a land market, improve land registration to improve recording of land users or owners and to modify the land law. One objective of the project is to improve the capability of the staff. The project does not include computerising of land records but a first pilot project regarding digitising cadastral maps is carried out in an area of 560 sq. km. Also GPS has been tested. Photogrammetry will be tested in the near future. There are no legislative or organisational components in the project. The project co-operates with GTZ, German Technical Co-operation, aiming at improved land security and improved area planning and management. The project includes a land reform component with redistribution of land from the state to individuals.

The project is financed by the German Government (4 000 000 DM) and by a loan from the World Bank (500 000 US).

Statistics

China (Bao Ding City, Hebei province) has an extensive cadastral development project, including documentation of land ownership, improve land registration, support a land market, improve land management of land under customary tenure, improve land valuation and land taxation, improve land use planning and land management and to improve recording of land users or owners. The time frame for the projects is divided into two periods, the first period lasted from 1987 until 1990 and the second lasted from 1991 until 1995.

The overall turnover is applying to land planning, land valuation and the cadastral system. The project is financed mainly through levies from users (80 %) and the remaining (20 %) through governmental funds. The costs for the project sums up to 50 USD/per parcel excluding cadastral system.

Statistics

China (Xinji City, Hebei province): has also an extensive cadastral development project, including documentation of land ownership, improve land registration, support a land market, improve land management of land under customary tenure, improve land valuation and land taxation, improve land use planning and land management and to improve recording of land users or owners. The time frame of the project is estimated to 3 years in order to establish a multi-purpose Cadastral Information System. The two contributors of the project are the Government (40 %) and the former Swedish Aid Organisation BITS now Sida, (60 %).

The cost will be 53.67 calculated in USD/per parcel, including cadastral surveying and mapping, ownership and excluding the cost of equipment, and 89.44 USD/per title including the cost of equipment.

When comparing the graphical/technical part to the administrative, the former has got more input than the latter. Most aspects of the graphical/technical part are included, e.g., computerisation of land records, surveying using GPS, mapping using photogrammetry, etc. Expected benefits have not been estimated.

Statistics

In Indonesia the main financing body is the World Bank. The project has a multi-functional purpose. The issues included in the project are as follows: computerisation of land records, surveying using GPS, mapping using photogrammetry, organisational development, co-operation within the country with other concerned bodies, registration of land under customary tenure, land reforms with a major change of responsibilities for management of land and redistribution of land from state to individuals and between individuals, participation of the people concerned and local administration, land use planning and surveying and finally land valuation with an improved market information and an improved valuation system.

Figures and other information on the cost of the project, the expected benefits, expected cost/benefit ratio are not presented in the questionnaire.

Statistics

Jordan: The main purposes of the project in Jordan are to be found in the field of land registration, land valuation and land taxation. Issues included in the project are both from the graphical part and the administrative part, e.g., computerisation of land records, digitisation of cadastral maps, surveying using GPS, introduction of new legislation, organisational development, etc.

Governmental funds are used to support the project and the changes from semi-manual to digital cadastre are expected to take 5 years. Neither the cost for the project nor the expected cost/benefit ratio is presented in the questionnaire.

Statistics

In South Korea the main purposes of the cadastral development project are improvement of land valuation and land taxation, improvement of land use planning and land management, improvement of recording of land users or owners. Furthermore, a pilot project is under planning as a part of the Korean National Cadastral Renovation Project.

The time frame for this project will be three years (1995-1997). Concerning the financing of the project no figures are mentioned in the questionnaire. Issues included in the project are; computerisation of land records, digitisation of cadastral maps, surveying using GPS, mapping using photogrammetry, simple mapping based on aerial photos, introduction of a new organisation and co-operation within the country with other concerned bodies. Neither the cost nor the cost/benefit ratios are accounted for.

Statistics

Malaysia: has an extensive cadastral development project, including documentation of land ownership, improve land registration to support a land market, improve land management of land under customary tenure, improve land valuation and land taxation, improve land use planning and land management and to improve recording of land users or owners. The Government covers all the costs for the development.

A new National Code, Strata Title Act and Survey Regulations is elaborated and a new organisation is established to suit the current technology development. A land reform is carried out with redistribution of land from the state to individuals and between individuals. Malaysia uses GIS for land use planning and surveying. The land valuation aims at improved market information and an improved valuation system.

Statistics

Nepal: (10 districts) is more concentrated on introduction of new legislation, land reforms, processes dedicated to the participation of the people concerned and local administration. Other issues also include; computerisation of land records and digitisation of land records.

The time frame is based on completion of ten districts in five years. The contributor is the government (100%). The expected cost/benefit ratio is not yet calculated. The ambition is to make the acquired graphical and numerical data more accurate and to use it for valuation and taxation purposes.

Statistics

Philippines: The main purposes in the Philippines are documentation of land ownership, improved land registration, support the land market, improved land management of land under customary tenure, improved land valuation and land taxation, improved land use planning and land management and improved recording of land users or owners. Also stated is the implementation of the Agrarian Reform Programme. The project is financed (70 %) through the Swedish Government by the former aid organisation BITS, now Sida, while the remaining (30%) constitutes governmental funds.

The project includes most issues with the exception of introduction of new legislation, organisational development, decentralisation of decisions and processes. Facts on cost and benefits have not been mentioned.

Statistics

No figures presented.

Turkey: is solely concentrating on establishing a Cadastral Information System. In order to do so Turkey is computerising the land records, digitising the cadastral maps, surveying using GPS, mapping using photogrammetry and using simple mapping based on aerial photos. The formulation and implementation of the project also comprises of the introduction of an improved law on land registry and cadastre, organisational developments, co-operation within the country with other concerned bodies, land use planning and surveying and computerisation of information. What the country is hoping to benefit from the reform is an acceleration of productivity in the economy as well as an automation in the field of land registry and cadastre.

The expected cost/benefit ratio of the project will be 50 % during the ten-year time frame. Mostly governmental funds will cover the expenses at a percentage of 80%. 20% will be paid for by international credits. When expressing the costs in USD the figures are 20 USD/per parcel including cadastral surveying and mapping and 6 USD/ per title including title data collections.

Statistics

Eastern Europe

Latvia’s needs for establishment of a cadastral system are in substance to document land ownership, improve land registration to support a land market, improve land management and improve land valuation and taxation.

To finance these achievements the government is contributing 67 % from the state budget, the former Swedish Aid Organisation, BITS, now Sida, is financing 23 % and the World Bank is financing the remaining 10%. Expressed in USD the cost for the project sums up to 135 USD/per parcel, cadastral surveying and mapping included, and 162 USD/per title.

The benefits related to the costs are at present impossible to forecast. The expected benefits of the reform will be the provision of information on real property rights registration, real property taxation and land management. The Latvians are focusing on graphical/technical issues regarding computerisation of land records, digitisation of cadastral maps, surveying using GPS, mapping using photogrammetry, simple mapping based on aerial photos and administrative issues such as introduction of new legislation, co-operation within the country with other concerned bodies, registration of land under customary tenure, participation of the people concerned, land use planning and surveying and finally improvement of the valuation system.

Statistics

Poland also has an extensive cadastral development project. The main focus is on the graphical/technical part namely digitisation of cadastral maps, surveying using GPS, mapping using photogrammetry.

The project in Poland is exclusively financed through governmental funds. The cost/benefit ratio of the Polish project is estimated to be 1:1. Since the project/concept is in a preliminary state neither the overall turnover nor the time frame can be given at this time.

Statistics

In Slovakia the tasks undertaken are documentation of land ownership, improvement of land registration, land valuation and taxation, land use planning, land management and recording of land users or owners. To fulfil these tasks efforts are made to use the appropriate technology in order to advance forward, such as, computerisation of land records, digitisation of cadastral maps, surveying using GPS and mapping using photogrammetry. Furthermore, some administrative issues are also included in the project, such as, introduction of a new legislation to improve land ownership, co-operation within the country with other concerned bodies, land use planning and surveying, land valuation to improve market information and improvement of the valuation system.

The cost for the project is approximately 33 USD/ per parcel and 60 USD/ per title, both including cadastral surveying and mapping. The government is responsible for financing (96,5%) of the project while PHARE is responsible for the remaining (3.5%) of the project. Information regarding the overall turnover and time frame for the project is not given in the questionnaire, neither are the cost-related benefits.

Statistics

Slovenia: The main purposes of the cadastral development project in Slovenia are to improve land registration, land valuation and taxation as well as land use planning and land management. The pilot project receives 90% of the financing through governmental funds while the remaining 10% come from the World Bank. The cost expressed in USD is 1.4/per parcel including cadastral surveying and mapping. The project is estimated to last until the year 2000.

Included in the project are the following issues; digitisation of cadastral maps, mapping using photogrammetry, simple mapping based on aerial photos, the introduction of new legislation, co-operation within the country with other concerned bodies, land reforms where redistribution of land from state to individuals are concerned, land use planning and surveying using GPS. The expected benefits stated are in the fields of taxation, land management and marketing of the parcels. The expected cost/benefit ratio will be 1/2.5 in 10 years.

Statistics

In the Czech Republic improvement of land registration to support a land market and improvement of access to cadastral data are the main purposes. In order to achieve these cadastral aims several graphical/technical as well as administrative issues are included in the project, namely computerisation of land records, digitisation of cadastral maps, surveying using GPS, introduction new legislation, establishment of new organisation and land reforms, such as, redistribution of land from state to individuals.

Very little information on the overall turnover, time frame, cost as well as the expected benefits are given. The project is financed 100% through governmental funds.

Statistics

Latin America

Colombia: The main purpose of the cadastral project is to document land ownership, improve land registration to support a land market, improve land valuation and taxation, improve land use planning and land use management and to improve recording of land user or owners. The project comprises of computerising of land records without a mapping component. The project includes a land reform component with redistribution of land from the state to individuals

The project is in all financed by the government.

Statistics

Costa Rica: The main purposes of the project in Costa Rica are to document land ownership, improve land registration to support a land market, improve land management under customary tenure, improve land valuation and land taxation, improve land use planning and land management and to improve recording of land users or owners. Also stated is the improvement of the legal transfer and protection of property rights.

Included in the cadastral development project are computerisation of land records, surveying using GPS, mapping using photogrammetry, organisational development, co-operation within the country with other concerned bodies, participation of the people concerned and local administration, land use planning and surveying as well as improvement of the valuation system. The entire country will be covered in 15 years.

The project is on one hand financed through the government and on the other hand through the donor organisation DGIS (Directorate General for International Co-operation- the Netherlands). When calculating the expected benefits of the reform the following benefits have been stated; improvement of property taxation and land rent charges, serving a large number of purposes, for example, land titling, land consolidation, etc. The expected cost/ratio will be 1:4.

Statistics

The Cuba project includes documentation of land ownership, improved land registration, support to the land market, improved land management of land under customary tenure, improved land valuation and land taxation, improved land use planning and land management and improved recording of land users or owners. The project comprises only of textual data.

The project is estimated to take two years and is financed by the government.

Statistics

Ecuador’s main priority is to improve land use planning and land management. In order to do so a number of graphical/technical as well as administrative issues have been included in the project, such as, computerisation of land records, digitisation of cadastral maps, surveying using GPS, mapping using photogrammetry, participation of the people concerned and local administration, land use planning and surveying as well as land valuation. Regarding the cost and finance of the project neither facts nor figures are stated in the questionnaire. However, the project is completely financed through BID.

Statistics

El Salvador has all six main purposes included in the development project and also every issue except registration of land under customary tenure (which is optional in El Salvador) has been included.

The costs for the project are estimated to be 66 USD/per parcel including cadastral surveying and mapping. 20% derives from governmental funds while 80% derives from donor organisations. It will take 6 years to cover an area of 20 000 km² .

The expected benefits of the reform are the improvement of the legal cadastre from an economical point of view, customer services, services for purposes other than legal cadastre, efficiency of the legal cadastre and the quality of the data meaning more accurate data. The expected cost/benefit ratio will be 1:3.

Statistics

Jamaica: The development project in Jamaica is being financed through the government of Jamaica and UNIF (United Nations Investment Fund), the government contributes 50% to the project and UNIF contributes the remaining 50%. The project will be fully implemented by 1996.

In order to accomplish the project the use of appropriate technology is required. Where the graphical/technical part is concerned computerisation of land records, digitisation of cadastral maps, surveying using GPS are put into practise. Additionally to graphical/technical issues, administrative issues are also implemented, such as, the introduction of new legislation, organisational development including, e.g., better cost recovery, decentralisation of data collection and changing of organisational structure.

Moreover, co-operation within the country with other concerned bodies, land reform and land valuation are other issues included in the development of the cadastral system, as well as divestment of government land. No expected benefits of the reform have yet been estimated.

Statistics

Uruguay’s (Montevideo) main purposes are to document land ownership as well as improve land valuation and taxation, improve land use planning and land management. The time frame for the project will be five years and the project will be financed exclusively through the government. The expected cost/benefit ratio will be 7:1. The cost for the project will be 10 USD/per parcel excluding cadastral surveying and mapping.

The project includes issues, such as, computerisation of land records, digitisation of cadastral maps, surveying using GPS, mapping using photogrammetry, simple mapping based on aerial photos, co-operation within the country with other bodies, land use planning and surveying as well as land valuation.

Statistics