Jirí Rydval
ABSTRACT
Activity of the private sphere in creation, maintenance and using of documents of the Cadastre of Real Estates of the Czech Republic and its cooperation with cadastral offices. The historic development and changes of the legislation, of the cadastral system and of the branch organization during this decenium is shortly described at the beginning. The next part deals about the present documentation of the Cadastre of Real Estates and the conception of digitalizing as seem by the enterpreneurial part. The basic part describes present conditions of enterpreneurs in this branch and main sorts of activities practiced by private surveyors that are related to the cadastre of real estates. Finally the evaluation of the present state and expected evolution is given.
RESUME
Activitées des entrepreneurs déplorées dans le domaine de la création, l'entretien et l'utilisation de l'Éuvre du cadastre en la République Tchèque, ainsi que sa collaboration avec le Bureaux au Cadastre. Au début, on traite l'historie, le développement et modifications de la législative, le système et les organismes du cadastre pendant cette décade. Ensuite on s'occupe de l'Éuvre du cadastre actuel, de sa digitalisation et de la collaboration avec utilisateurs du cadastre. La partie principale décrit conditions actuelles du travail des géomètres privés, concernant le cadastre. A la conclusion on évalue l'état actuel et le développement prévu.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Tätigkeit der Privatsphäre während der Schaffung, Laufenthaltung und Nutzung des Liegenschaftskatasters der Tschechischen Republik und ihre Zusammenarbeit mit den Katasterbehörden. Zuerst historische Entwicklung und Änderungen in der Gesetzgebung, im System des Katasters und der Organisation des Ressorts in diesem Jahrzehnt is kurz behandelt. Der weitere Teil ist dem gegenwärtigen Operat des Liegenschaftskatasters und der Auffassung der Digitalizierung aus der Sicht der Unternehmer gewidmet. Der Hauptteil beschreibt gegenwärtige Unternehmungsbedingungen in der Branche und Haupttätigkeiten der privaten Vermessungsleute, die eine Beziehung zum Liegenschaftskataster besitzen. Zur Ende werden eine Schätzung des gegenwärtigen Standes und die vorausgesetzte Entwicklung gegeben.
1. INTRODUCTION
Existing cadastral systems managed and operated in different ways and at different level result from historical development and political, social, legal, financial and technical conditions in various countries. It is in the general interest of every society to have a functional, flexible, cost-efficient cadastre providing fast, easy and cheap access to whatever up-to-date and reliable data may be required. This can be achieved by involving the private sector in these activities. The extent of the participation and the responsibilities of public administration are topics of discussion.
What kind of solution was selected in the CR and what preceded to the selection?
2. HISTORY
2.1 Socialist Real Estate Inventory
The coming of socialism in the CR heralded of vast changes in the branch of surveying and cadastre. The former Land Cadastre and the Land Registry were integrated into one instrument managed by a newly established authority of surveying and cartography. The new Real Estate Inventory (REI) served to plan production, especially in agriculture, and to protect the so-called socialist property. Instead of protecting private ownership of the land it became an instrument serving a gradual liquidation of this ownership. In rural areas, special rights to use the agricultural land and forests by socialist farms and enterprises were preferred. The inventory of private ownership of land used by socialist farms and enterprises was simplified and suppressed.
In the period of the socialist planned economy, private enterprise was in fact liquidated.
Cadastral work was carried out by Geodezie state enterprises, by region. The Inventory was managed by the organizational bodies of these enterprises in districts, called Centres of Surveying. To order, and for payment from citizens and organisations, they also supplied information and measured changes by cadastral survey plans (geometric plans) and re-established lost boundaries. For their own use, some other authorities and licensed socialist organizations were obliged to execute geometric plans and other surveying work for the State Map Series, as well. This work had to be verified by employees of the organization, who were licenced surveying engineers. A private sector in this branch simply did not exist. The whole process resulted from the conditions of the command economy and the paternalistic role of the state.
2.2 Transition to a market economy and the new Cadastre of Real Estates of the Czech Republic
Events in November 1989 started a process of vast political and economic changes in former Czechoslovakia. The organizational structure of the branch, the previous Real Estate Inventory, its contents, the methods of managing and maintaining the inventory and providing services and information were not suitable for a society aiming at a market economy. It was therefore decided in 1990 to transform the organizational structures gradually to separate and privatizate parts pursuing entrepreneurial and commercial activities, and to pass to a computerized legal cadastre.
In 1991 the restructuring started. The Geodezie state enterprises split into two organizations, a part belonging to the state administration and a part that, in the form of a state joint stock company, became competitive. Most of the qualified, technically oriented specialists passed into the new joint stock companies.
The part belonging to the state administration continued to manage the Real Estate Inventory, but the Centres of Surveying strongly reduced their commercial activities relevant to the Inventory (e.g. geometric survey plans, re-establishment of boundaries) and left thematic mapping and geodetic engineering to private surveyors.
State joint stock companies operating in the field of surveying and cadastre were quickly privatized (by voucher privatization and direct sale). With the exception of Geodezie Brno and Geodezie CZ Liberec, that operate in whole regions and have more than 200 employees, they split into smaller firms. Other private surveying firms were created by employees from the surveying departments of other privatized state enterprises. Most firms were in a market with nonsaturated demand and were successful, working in areas released by the state sector. Small firms, often with one or a few employees, took full advantage of the high demand for geometric plans. Larger firms started providing a broad spectrum of services (in connection with the Inventory, e.g. cadastral survey plans, design and realization of complex land consolidation, establishing minor horizontal control, SW and creating GIS/LIS) and in a short time acquired the necessary technical equipment and qualified technical staff (partly erstwhile employees of the state administration).
Fundamental changes occurred in 1993. The central body of the state administration, the Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre (COSMC), resident in Prague, became a partner to the private sector. Administration of fundamental survey control and maintainance of the Central Database of the Czech Cadastre is carried out by the Land Survey Office in Prague. The executive bodies for the state administration of the Cadastre are the district Cadastral Offices, that have become separate legal subjects directly subordinated to COSMC. The performance of the state administration in surveying, mapping and cadastre is supervised by the Surveying, Mapping and Cadastral Inspectorates, by region. They also supervise the surveying activities of private firms if the results of these activities are exploited by the Czech Cadastre and the State Map Series (e.g. cadastral survey plans, densification of a minor control).
2.3 The New Cadastre of Real Estates of the Czech Republic
Simultaneously with the change of organizational structure of 1.1.1993, the Real Estate Inventory was transformed into the new Cadastre of Real Estates of the Czech Republic. The regulation was enacted in the form of Cadastral Law No. 344/1992 Coll., the Land Registration Act No. 265/1992 Coll. and the Cadastral Regulations No. 126/1993 Coll.
The new Czech Cadastre jointly records technical information and legal interests concerning real estate (land parcels, buildings, to a limited extent flats and non-flat rooms), owners and other legally recognised subjects, taken on from the REI. The Czech Cadastre is designed as a multipurpose cadastre. In contrast to the former Inventory, it is a title registration system based on adjudication process.
The principle parts of the documentation of the Czech Cadastre are the Geodetic Information File and Descriptive Information File, arranged separately for each cadastral unit.
The Geodetic (Survey) Information File (GIF) serves to locate the positions of real estate. It takes, for the majority of the Czech Republic, the form of large-scale cadastral maps with graphical representation on plastic foils. Only in specified cadastral units does it have a numerical representation (a register of co-ordinates of detailed points or vectorized digital cadastral maps).
As a legacy of the socialist collectivization of the country, the cadastral maps do not represent land parcels, in the ownership of private individuals, that were amalgamated into the large land complexes used by agricultural and forestry organizations. These ‘missed parcels’ are represented only in maps from former real estate inventories (land cadastre, allotment plans consolidation maps). In the file of descriptive information of the contemporary Cadastre these parcels are registered only in simplified form. We call them land parcels in simplified registry.
The Descriptive Information File (DIF) comprises partly computerized textual information on registered objects and interests.
At the end of 1993 an ambitious Conception of Digitizing (computerizing) the Real Property Cadastre and Co-operation with Other Managers of Newly Established Information Systems (COSMC 1993) was accepted in an effort to remedy the defects of the Cadastre. This conception is a general programme of possible cooperation between the state administration of the Czech Cadastre and private surveying firms.
The digitalization of the Descriptive Information File comprises:
The deadline is the installation of a new ownership-oriented real property taxation system in 1999.
The programme for the digitalization of the Geodetic Information File, with a time limit at 2006 (more realistically, 2010) should cover:
The created subsystem of descriptive information and the subsystem of geodetic information with data from the DIF and GIF are basic components of the new Information System of the Cadastre of Real Estates which will be in operation in 2000. The System has two levels -- central and local -- and should become one of the source registers for the State Information System of the Czech Republic. The Information System of the Cadastre will, besides its legal and fiscal functions, serve as a source layer for other territorially oriented information systems (COSMC 1996).
3. PRIVATE ENTERPRISE IN SURVEYING IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
The first entrepreneurs began their activities with the consent of the Czech Office for Geodesy and Cartography in 1990. The next stimulus for emerging new private firms in the branch was the law No. 105/1990 Coll., on Private Enterprise. Conditions for contracting to make out geometric survey plans and delineating property boundaries were regulated by a measure of the chairman of COSMC.
Most surveying firms came into existence during privatization of the branch in 1991 and 1992.
The highly important and long-prepared Surveying Act No. 200/1994 Coll. became operative on 1.1.1995. This act contains specifications of surveying activities and defines precisely who is allowed to pursue these activities, and under what conditions. It extended the scope of business undertakings and created conditions for free market relations in this branch.
Private contracting in the branch of surveying is now subordinate to the regime of business law. The entrepreneur has to be a ‘natural person’, i.e., an individual as opposed to an organisation under Czech law, who complies with general conditions (age min. 18 years, probity, legal competence), who has secondary education and five years of specialist surveying training, or higher education and three years of specialist surveying training. By complying with these conditions and registration at the Trade Office the person is entitled to do business in the branch of surveying, and after administrative procedure acquires a formal trade licence.
Legal entities must have a ‘natural person’ as a responsible representative, with a trade licence for surveying activities. Foreign natural and legal persons are allowed to do business on the territory of the CR to the same extent and under similar conditions as Czech persons.
There is no central inventory of trade licences issued by Trade Offices by district, but I estimate that in the CR there are about 1,000 persons with a surveyor’s trade licence and around 500 private surveying firms employ about 7,500 people. Most of them participate in activities connected with the Czech Cadastre.
The Surveying Act determined new conditions for granting licences for the verification of the results of surveying work. The accuracy and the components of the results of surveying work for the Cadastre, State Map Series (and geodetic engineering) may be verifiied only by officially licensed surveying engineers. Every Czech citizen who complies with the general conditions mentioned above and has higher education with a surveying engineer degree and 5 years’ professional training can obtain a licence. The Surveying Act cancelled the obligatory approval of qualification before an examining board, which is considered to be a step backwards in comparision with the old regulation, since it increases the technical and legal demands on the licence-holder, as well as requiring a higher degree of competence to keep up with general trends. The official licence is granted by COSMC on the written request of the candidate after verification of these conditions. A licensed surveying engineer is considered to be in a ‘liberal profession’ and is therefore not subject to the regime of the trade law. He is fully responsible for the result of survey work. At present, nearly 1,800 officially licensed surveying engineers are in practice in both, the state and the private sector.
Deciding on licences was one of the demands of the Chamber of Surveyors and Cartographers, which represents private surveyors, in the preparation of the Surveying Act. But after governmental decision and acceptance of the new law the Chamber did not succeed in becoming a professional chamber, regulated by special law as did, for example, the Czech chambers of notaries or solicitors.
The Surveying Act also specified surveying activities in the public interest. The results of these activities utilize the cadastral and surveying authorities, as well as other state authorities and municipalities.
4. ACTIVITIES OF PRIVATE SURVEYING FIRMS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
The extent and conditions of engagement and the volume of work carried out by private firms are topics of continued discussions between COSMC, representing the interests of the state, and the Chamber of Surveyors and Cartographers, representing entrepreneurs. The Chamber seeks to extend the kind and volume of activities realized by the private sector and covered from the state budget. A demand has even been made that a law be passed specifying the exact activities not permitted to the state for its own use, but which must be solicited from the private sector. COSMC´s stand is based on valid legislation (Šíma 1996).
Activities in the public interest connected with the Czech Cadastre can be divided into:
As well as this work, private surveying firms utilize information from the Cadastre supplied by Cadastral Offices and Land Survey Office to other surveying activities, such as for the creation and upkeep of thematic maps and locally designed land information systems.
Regulation of cadastral work is subject to Cadastral Law No. 344/1992 Coll. in its valid version and to Regulation No. 190/1996 Coll. Information on more detailed procedures is contained within special instructions generated by COSMC.
The digitalization of the Descriptive Information File of the Czech Cadastre is a matter for the cadastral authorities. The private sector took part only in the initial phase of entering the soil quality code into the Cadastre. The socialist Real Estate Inventory did not include any information on land value, so obviously this information could not be taken over to the new Cadastre. This is the essential obstacle to the introduction of a new real property taxation system in 1999. The only accessible characteristic of land parcels is a valuation of soil quality carried out in the seventies and eighties for socialist large-scale production and planning in agriculture. A government resolution has charged COSMC to enter this information into the Cadastre. As a conseqence of state budget losses, the activities of private firms were terminated in 1997 after entering about 10% of the data on soil quality into the Cadastre. In spite of the fact that this information is not suitable to be in the Cadastre (cf. Enemark 1996), the registration at Cadastral Offices continues.
The digitalization and maintenance of the Geodetic Information File is the subject of extensive cooperation between cadastral authorities and private surveying firms, for several reasons.
The greater part of the CR is covered so far by cadastral maps that originate in the last century, and do not correspond with present demands, and even after digitalization cannot be used as standard digital cadastral maps (DCM). Only 30% of the territory (mainly urban areas) is covered by decadic maps in the Uniform State Coordinate Systém with sufficient accuracy to be overworked into the form of vectorized digital cadastral maps. In the last five years, about 5% of the territory has been covered by DCM with complete contents, including parcels in simplified registry.
The improvement and renewal of analog cadastral maps has three forms:
The private sector carries out cadastral survey in the form of geometric plans and related re-establishment of parcel boundaries and takes part in digitizing existing cadastral maps and in new mapping, by creating locally designed LIS and in the process of complex land consolidation.
The necessary scanning of cadastral maps and maps of former real estate inventories was, in the first stage, also provided mostly by private firms. At this stage maps of former real estate inventories were scanned, comprising more than 80 thousand map sheets.
An important condition of surveys tied to geodetic control is the revision and completion of minor control. The Conception of Digitizing the Cadastre (COSMC 1993) assumed that the densification of horizontal control to 1-2 points/sq. km should be carried out until the year 2000. At present this activity is performed, to a limited extent, by the departments of cadastral mapping of the Cadastral Offices, by region.
In urban areas minor control is completed by permanently marked points at mutual distances of 150 to 300 m. Revision and completion of minor control are carried out by both Cadastral Offices and private surveyors. Surveying is undertaken using geodetic methods. Contractors and Cadastral Offices utilize GPS methods to a wide extent. All parts of any new documentation of the minor control must be verified by a licenced surveying engineer and passed for checking and filing to the relevant Cadastral Office.
The conception of completion of minor control in urban areas within the whole teritory of the state is now re-evaluated and the work is minimalized. The modern technical equipment of most contractors will enable detailed survey without expensive creation and maintenance of a dense minor horizontal control.
The Geometric Plans (GP) serve as technical bases and enclosures of deeds, when the object of the record to the cadastre has to be represented in the cadastral map. The private sector makes out the GP, for a charge, for simple land consolidation to the order of Land Offices and for other purposes to the order of land owners and other legal entities.
The GP comprises a graphical representation and a sheet of areas with information on parcel numbers, areas, comparision of the state of the Cadastre with legal status and newly with coordinates of boundary markers and class and soil quality of land. Fig. in Appendix
The valid data of the Cadastre (DIF and GIF) constitute obligatory source material for compiling geometric plans. Cadastral Offices provide copies of maps and other data on the Cadastre for this purpose free of charge.
New or changed legal parcel boundaries are permanently marked on the ground before measurement. A detailed survey is carried out to an accuracy determined by Regulations No. 190/1996 Coll. (m.s.e. in coordinates + 0,14 m) and is mainly tied to points identical on the ground and on the cadastral map, or to geodetic control (obligatory in defined cadastral units with numerical maintenance). Location of boundaries is determined through a local or the State Coordinate System. The area of the changed parcels is determined from coordinates or graphically (only in cadastral units without numerical maintenance).
The completed documentation must be verified by a licenced surveying engineer and checked by the local Cadastral Office. One original of the plan, with attached documentation, is archived at the Cadastral Office. Plans with defects are given back to the contractor for correction, without certification. Cadastral Offices collect an administrative fee for certification. Verification and certification of GP is subject to the compulsory inventory.
Corrections of errors in the cadastral documentation concerning areas, geometric location and representation of parcels in cadastral maps are carried out in the following way. The compiler of the GP proposes the correction, the Cadastral Office examines the error, certificates the GP and initiates proceedings to correct the error.
Cadastral Offices record the changes from the GP in the cadastral documentation after the delivery of valid deeds with the attached GP.
Similar conditions pertain to the cooperation with Cadastral Offices for the re-establishment of boundaries of land parcels. This work comprises the determination and marking of boundaries from data provided by Cadastral Offices.
Private land surveyors re-establish parcel boundaries, especially in cases where the property boundaries of agricultural and forest parcels in simplified registry are invisible on the ground. This work is carried out within simple land consolidation and serves to accelerate the return of land to private owners who want to cultivate it. After the re-establishment of the boundaries, the GP is made out and the parcels completed in the documentation of the Cadastre. This surveying work is covered by Land Offices from the state budget.
Selected and court-approved surveyors may lay out boundaries of parcels of land, fulfilling the function of expert witness or testimony for court proceedings.
Renewal of the cadastral documentation by new mapping is carried out by private firms in the process of complex land consolidation, which is regulated by Law No. 284/1991 Coll., on Land Consolidation and Land Offices, in its valid version. The process of land consolidation is opened and managed by the District Land Offices. They also select, by public tender, a contractor for the proposal of land consolidation. The Cadastral Offices provide cadastral data for this purpose free of charge, and take part in certain activities concerning the Cadastre (e.g. approving the proposal and the perimeter of consolidated land).
The approved proposal serves as documentation for the decision of the Land Office on the exchange of ownership rights to land parcels and for the demarcation and delineation of their boundaries by the contractor. The results of land consolidation are a new digital cadastral map and a Decriptive Information File of the Cadastre. The results of surveying work for the Cadastre must be verified by a licenced surveying engineer and the documentation inspected by the local competent Surveying, Mapping and Cadastral Inspectorate.
In the rest of the cadastral unit excluded from land consolidation (above all in urban areas) new cadastral mapping should be performed subsequently by Cadastral Offices (Rydval, Pešl 1995).
The graphical and descriptive information of the Cadastre forms an important part of the base data utilized in every public land information system. Large surveying and specialized firms are engaged in creating and implementing locally designed land information systems with applications in various aspects of human activity. By using the data of the Cadastre they are limited by the present state of the digitalization and the limited capacities of Cadastral Offices.
The process and methods of cooperation between the Cadastral Office, the contractor and the user of the information system are determined by the Regulations on the Course of the Cadastral Offices by Digitalization of the Geodetic Information File for Creating Territorially Oriented Information Systems (COSMC 1994) and a contract among the participants.
The conversion of the present cadastral maps or new mapping that results in DCM is carried out by the contractor, with the exception of activities within the exclusive competence of Cadastral Offices. The work can be provided by a contractor with a trade licence who secures verification of accuracy and appropriatnesses of the work from a licenced surveying engineer, who may be his employee.
Cadastral data for digitizing is supplied by the Cadastral Office free of charge, if the result complies with conditions for utilization in the Cadastre and is passed to the Cadastral Office free of charge. If it is not possible to take over the results of the GIF digitalization to the Cadastre, the Cadastral Office demands payment for the outputs provided from the Cadastre.
If the result of the cooperation is a standard digital cadastral map, the maintenance is carried out by the Cadastral Office and the results provided to the manager of the IS.
5. CONCLUSION
The Czech Cadastre is administered by the state administration and financed from the state budget. However, the attitude of the state to the private sector is liberal and the opportunities for private surveying firms to perform work connected with the Cadastre are wide.
The Czech Cadastre has a nonreplaceable position and function within the legal and economic order of the CR. But the present Cadastre has a number of crucial problems that must be addressed urgently. The objective is the new Information System of the Cadastre of Real Estates, enabling full automation and optimalization for the state administration of the Cadastre, supplying data from the whole territory of the CR by direct access for external users, creating a location base for other registers of the State Information System and also creating a source register for municipal and other territorially oriented information systems (COSMC 1996). Reaching the objective will be very expensive. A Marketing Study by COSMC considers two variants of investments in the implementation and maintenance of the system - financing by the government and financing by a commercial provider. The provider should finance building of the technological infrastructure of the system and provide, for a charge, direct access to the data for external users.
At present Cadastral Offices are completing conversion of data from the Descriptive Information File of the Cadastre, which was the first priority. Now we face the problem of converting the map fund of the Cadastre into the form of digital cadastral maps. It is a time-consuming task, demanding expensive technical equipment and qualified employees. It is possible partly to utilize the capacities of private firms in this respect. The main technical problem of cooperation on the digitalization of the GIF is the complicated state of the present Cadastre.
An important field of activities for private surveying firms at the next stage should be the renewal of the cadastral documentation by new mapping as a result of complex land consolidation. This work is not covered from the means allocated to COSMC.
To a large extent independent of the state budget, and with good prospects for private firms, is the conversion of present cadastral maps to digital form (digitalization of the GIF) as a source layer for GIS/LIS, payed for by the users of these information systems.
The development trends of the Cadastre concerning the valuation of land (or the standard codes of soil quality) are vague. Objective responsibility for data on the soil quality newly registered in the Cadastre are held by the Land Offices. The searching of selling and valuation prices, which are more suitable for the Cadastre, is being executed by Tax Offices. Land valuation and land-use planning are further possible surveying activities, now performed outside the surveying, mapping and cadastre branch in the CR (FIG 1995).
In recent years the bodies of COSMC ordered a considerable quantity of cadastral and surveying work in the form of public tenders. This consisted especially of the scanning of maps, revision and completion of minor control, aerial photography and, in 1996, the entry of the codes of soil quality to land parcels in the Cadastre. In the second half of the year 1996, public revenues declined and the expenditure of this branch of COSMC was cut. This trend intensified in 1997 and continues in this year. A substantial part of the work has stopped and now is finished up by Cadastral Offices (e.g. the entry of soil quality) and the rest has been minimalized. This year, COSMC is going to pay only for aerial photography from the limited means of the state budget. This has a very disadvantageous influence on the extent of the cooperation among the state sector and private surveying firms and delays finishing the digitalization of the Cadastre. The development of the revenues of the state budget also influenced the extent of land consolidation covered by Land Offices.
This state is beginning to have a bad influence on private surveying firms specializing in state orders, that once provided expensive technical equipment and qualified staff. The domain of land consolidation, that was still prospective at the beginning of 1996, is especially threatened. However, the present restrictions in this sphere correspond to some extent with the lack of interest of land owners in cultivating the land by themselves.
The most important field of activities of private surveying firms in the Cadastre are geometric plans, and partly the re-establishment of boundaries. This work is performed exclusively, and in future will be performed, by private surveyors. The extent of the work is large and relatively constant. In the CR privatization, restitutions of real property and vast changes in agriculture and forestry economic practice are in progress. On the territory of CR in the years 1993 to 1996, anaverage of 110,000 GP per year were made out. This has been payed for directly by customers and is economicaly effective as a stabilizing factor. Cooperation with Cadastral Offices in this field is now very extensive and it is still possible to improve it. On the Cadastral Offices’ side, it is necessary to aim at speed and quality in the process of providing information from the Cadastre, and at uniform procedure in checking and verifiing the GP. Some contractors, who lack sufficient orientation in the present complicated Cadastre, sometimes pass geometric plans of low quality to Cadastral Offices to be registered for change in the Cadastre. These problems will be to a great extent solved once digitalization of the Cadastre is complete and the new Information System of the Cadastre is up and running.
Both the state administration and private surveying firms are interested in completing the present Cadastre and eliminating imperfections and errors in an atmosphere of close and productive cooperation, so that the Cadastre can become a modern functional instrument inspiring the full trust of the public. This process has already succesfully started but both sides must still exert a great deal of affort.
6. REFERENCES
(1) COSMC, 1993. Conception of Digitizing the Cadastre of Real Estates and Cooperation of Cadastral Offices with Other Managers of New Established Information Systems. COSMC ref. No. 3907/1993-22,
(2) COSMC, 1996. Introductory Study of the New Information System of the Cadastre of Real Estates. COSMC ref. No. 3223/1996-22, 130 pp.
(3) Enemark S., 1996. Consultancy to the Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre on Cadastre Content. EU Phare Land Registration Project, Project No CZ 9402-02, 24 pp.
(4) FIG, 1995. Statement on the Cadastre, 22 pp.
(5) Rydval J., Pešl I., 1995, The Privatization and Restitution Process in the Czech Republic, Papers to the International Symposium of the FIG in Berlin 1995, p. 341-345
(6) Šíma J., 1996. Speech at the Meeting of the Chamber of Surveyors and Cartographers on 27.5.1996. Land Surveyor (Zememeric) No. 7/96
Blansko, 14. 1. 1998