Oleg M. Krupenin - Belarus, Jürg Kaufmann - Switzerland,
ABSTRACT
In the framework of the Swiss financial assistance for the CIS republics, the Belarus and Swiss governments agreed to build up a modern cadastral system as a basic infrastructure for the economic and ecological development of Byelorussia. The first step was the pilot project for the Soligorsk District, where a cadastral system as basis for a land information system was introduced. After having successfully finished the pilot phase, the two governments agreed on a second step. On one hand the working capacity of the Belarus cadastre organisation is to be improved, so that the whole country can be covered with basic cadastral data as quickly as possible. On the other hand additional ecological data shall be included into the cadastre-based land information system to support the improvement of the situation of the Belarus environment, which was hit heavily by the Chernobyl accident and industrial pollution.
RESUME
Dans le cadre de l'assistance financière pour les républiques CIS, les gouvernements de la Biélorussie et de la Suisse ont agréé la mise en place d'un système cadastral moderne comme une infrastructure fondamentale pour le développement économique et écologique de la Biélorussie. La première phase était le projet pilote pour le district de Soligorsk, ou un système de cadastre comme base pour un système d'information sur le territoire était introduit. Quand cette phase pilote était complétée avec succès, les deux gouvernements ont agréé sur une seconde phase qui a comme but de augmenter la capacité de l'organisation Belarus du cadastre ainsi qu'une couverture du territoire de la République soit couvert avec des donnèes cadastrale le plus vite que possible. Des données écologiques additionnelles seront acquiert pour supporter l'amélioration de la situation de l'environnement qui est touchée gravement par l'accident de Chernobyl et par la pollution industrielle.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Im Rahmen der Finanzhilfe für die GUS-Staaten vereinbarten die Regierungen Weissrusslands und der Schweiz ein modernes Katastersystem als Basis-Infrastruktur für die wirtschaftliche und die oekologische Entwicklung Weissrusslands aufzubauen. In der ersten Phase wurde das Pilotprojekt für den Bezirk Soligorsk, das die Einführung eines Katastersystem als Basis für ein Landinformationssystem zum Ziele hatte, durchgeführt. Nach erfolgreichem Abschluss des Pilotprojektes wurde eine zweite Phase vereinbart. Dabei werden die Arbeitskapazitäten der weissrussischen Katasterorganisation so ausgebaut, dass die grundlegenden Katasterdaten über die ganze Fläche der Republik so schnell wie möglich beschafft werden können. Zusätzlich sollen Umweltdaten ins Landinformationssystem integriert werden, damit die Sanierung der Umwelt, die durch die Katastrophe von Tschernobyl und durch industrielle Verschmutzungen stark betroffen ist, unterstützt werden kann.
1. THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS AND THE SOLIGORSK DISTRICT
The Republic of Belarus is a sovereign, democratic, social and legal state. The country borders on Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia and Ukraine. The total area is 207 600 km2.
The population is 10,3 million people. The capital is Minsk (1,5 million people).
The administrative subdivision is as follows:
The representative Authorities are as follows:
The official languages are Belarussian and Russian.
The currency is the Belarussian rouble (BLR). Exchange rate: 1 USD = 15,500 BLR (1996).
The total area of Soligorsk District is 2,500 km2. The population is 144’700. The District centre is Soligorsk with a population of 90’000.
The administrative subdivision is as follows:
2. STRUCTURE OF THE NATIONAL LAND MANAGEMENT SERVICE
3. THE PILOT PROJECT FOR SETTING UP A LAND AND ECOLOGICAL CADASTRE IN THE SOLIGORSK DISTRICT
3.1. General considerations about the pilot project organisation and management
According to the bilateral Swiss-Belarus agreement, the Swiss Government rendered a gratuitous financial assistance to the amount of 3,2 million SFR for the pilot project implementation on the land and ecological cadastre model of the Soligorsk District in an effort to strengthen co-operation between the two countries and to provide a useful guide to further development of reforms, market economy and democracy in Belarus. The project implementation started in March, 1994 and was completed in July, 1996.
In order to govern, arrange the work and establish control under its enforcement the following organisational structure was set up:
3.2. The Swiss Technical and Advisory Assistance
The assistance was used for the acquisition of instruments, equipment, technologies, consultative assistance of Swiss specialists and also training of Belarus specialists.
The list of the delivered instruments and equipment is as follows:
The list of delivered software is as follows:
Mr. J. Kaufmann (from Kaufmann Consulting) offered considerable assistance within the project organisation and management in the extent of 300 man-days. He was as Swiss Main Consultant a member of the Project Management Body and he was reporting to the Swiss government.
Training of Belarus specialists was organised by two Swiss companies, choosen by a tender:
Five Belarus specialists were sent to Switzerland for training. Three of them had a week`s training on LIS modelling on the base of the ADALIN software in Schlieren and further three specialists (one of them from the first group) completed their training (1 week, 2 weeks, 6 weeks) on photogrammetry performance and aerophotogrammetry in Lugano. The Swiss specialists held additional trainings in Belarus. They also supervised work quality.
3.3. Participation of the Republic of Belarus in the Project Implementation
The Belarus Government assigned about 4 billion Belarus rubles (BLR). All the operational work was carried out by the Belarus Agricultural Aerophotogeodetic Survey Institution (BELPSHAGI). The following institutions also took part in the project fulfilment:
The total amount of people taking part in the project is about 120. 62’940 man-days have been expended.
3.4. The Project Enforcement
3.4.1. Preparative work
Before starting the project implementation a lot of preparative work was carried out. Physical and geographical features of Soligorsk District had to be studied (geodetic network, topographical survey, material of the earlier aerophotography work). The control point network consited of 554 points of the State Geodetic Network and of the condensed Network.
Topographical survey had been performed from 1983 up to 1991:
Scale 1:2000 - 25 km2
Scale 1:5000 - 115 km2
Scale 1:1000 -2500 km2.
Aerophotos had been taken in the years 1990-93 on the total area of 2572 km2 in the scale 1:20000with a focal distance of F=139,387. According to the preparative work results and the defined objectives, the technical project for the cadastral work was set up.
3.4.2. Condensation of geodetic network
The project implementation was started by the carrying out the condensation of the State Geodetic Network. The network layout previewed a density of 1-2 points on 1 km2 but not less than 3-4 points per village. The distance between points ranges from 200m to 1 km. 530 new points were installed and measured.
The geodetic location of the co-ordinates was determined with the help of the satellite WILD GPS Systems 200.
3.4.3. Topographical survey of private property, land ownership and land use boundaries
The boundaries were located by two ways, namely terrestrial with the use of the WILD GPS System 200 and TC 1010 tacheometers and also combined by photogrammetric restitution of the information about the boundaries clearly identified in the stereophotos and the following terrestrial location of the co-ordinates of the boundary points, not-visible on the stereophotos. The precision of the area determination was within a tolerance smaller than 20 m2 in the village areas and smaller than 10 m2 in the city of Soligorsk.
As a result of the project implementation the land rights of about 1400 juridical persons and 30’000 citizens could be documented and registered in the State Land Cadastre Books by the end of 1996.
3.4.4. Aerophotography
Because there was no airplane available in the beginning of the project, the home camera (AFA 1690, focal distance f=139,387, Lens RUSSAR-43, NEGATIVE 180x180, stereophotofilm "Svema") was used instead of the camera RC-30 provided by the Swiss government.
The following parameters were observed:
longitudinal overlap 60%+/-5%,
diametrical overlap 30%+/-15%.
Two scales were applied:
1:20000 for the whole area of the district, 2572 km2 ( 13000 stereo models)
1:9000 selectively for the settled araes, 1483 km2 (1530 stereo models).
3.4.5. Installation of the photocamera RC-30
This photo camera RC 30 was installed in April, 1995, when the agreement with BELAVIA on the equipment and use of the plane AN-2 was concluded. The ASCOT navigation system working together with the camera, makes it possible to locate the projection centres of aerophotos. As soon as the AN-2 was ready, high-quality aerophotographic pictures in the scale 1:6000 were taken in the districts Dzerzhinsk, Lida and Minsk over an area greater than 8000 km2.
3.4.6. Photo interpretation and information collection
The interpretation of areas with agricultural land, water and forest resources was carried out with the help of the photos with the scale 1:20’000, which were enlarged to the scale 1:5000. For the interpretation of settled areas the photos with the scale 1:9000, which were transformed into the scale 1:2000, were used. The interpretation was carried out in the field An area of 2300 km2 was interpreted with photos 1:5000 and on area of 240 km2 with photos 1:2000.
3.4.7. Aerotriangulation with SD 3000
There was no signalisation of controlpoints before the aerophotography work. Points which were clearly visible on the photos were used as connecting points. Their co-ordinates had been located by the GPS equipment WILD GPS 200 and ASHTECH Dimension. As accuracy for the identification were required 50 cm for the scale 1:20’000 and 20 cm for the scale 1:9000. 240 connecting points were determined in the scale 1:2000 and 430 of them were determined in the scale 1:9000. The restitution was performed by SD 3000. The measuring was carried out in the following order:
In this cases the following tolerances were admitted:
For the aerotriangulation the block method was used. The distortion was not taken into consideration because in the used camera they have been unevenly distributed. They could not be introduced in the SD 3000 software for corrections of the measurements. The compensation calculation was done with the PAT-B GPS program, using the bundle method. From 240 connecting points in the scale 1:20000, 208 were used and 32 were rejected. From 430 connecting points in the area with scale 1:9000, 42 were rejected. The resulting mean square error did not exceed 5-15 mm.
3.4.8. Stereophotogrammetry with SD 3000
The restitution work of settlement lands, where a higher precision is required, was carried out with the SD 3000 stereoplotters. The natural and artificial objects and the land ownership boundaries were restituted. The error of inner orientation did not exceed 10 mm.
The SD 3000 instrument and the PC PRO 600 software (on Microstation) have a wide range of possibilities to handle the problems, occurring during the restitution work. After having completed the restitution work, the field control was carried out. The deviation did not exceed 10-15 cm in the areas with scale 1:9000 and 30-50 cm areas with the scale 1:20000.
3.4.9. Stereophotogrammetry with DVP
The restitution of areas with agricultural lands and forest resources was carried out with the DVP instruments. The tolerance for the model orientation was fixed according to the resolution of the scanning. The average mean square error during absolute orientation did not exceed 40 mm. The deviation between did not exceed 50 120 cm.
3.4.10. Adaptation of the ADALIN System
The ADALIN software was developed by the Swiss company ADASYS Ltd. It was adapted to the local conditions. The following problems have been resolved:
| Point objects |
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| Border points |
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| Land use and ownership, excepted lifelong inherited land ownership and private ownership |
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| Life inherited and private land ownership |
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| Land types |
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| Soil quality |
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| Meliorated lands |
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| Free graphic objects |
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| Land, contaminated by radioactive elements |
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3.4.11. LIS database modelling
The data of the points of the geodetic network were taken from the catalogue of the state fixed point register and from the calculations of the co-ordinates of the new points.
The information on land ownership and land use was introduced into the system by digitising the boundaries of sovkhoz and kolhoz institutions and state enterprises from the existing maps in the scale 1:10'000. The digitised boundary co-ordinates were then replaced, corrected and completed by results of the photogrammetric restitution.
The information on land ownership was taken from the materials of the field interpretation and it was verified by the local Land Management Services before it was entered into the system. The survey of the private property parcels was performed according to the method, described in chapter 3.4.3.
The information on land types was entered into the system according to the restitution of the photo material. Non-recognisable objects were completed by the digitising existing maps in the scale scale 1:5000.
The Soligorsk LIS structure and content is:
4. ASSESSMENT OF THE PROJECT RESULTS
The technology for building up a land and ecological cadastre model and the equipment will be used for building up a LIS in 6 other districts and in Minsk Town in 1996-98.
The LIS shall then be extended over the whole territory of Belarus and the following new data layers shall be added:
Taking into consideration the safety and the high quality of the LIS data, the accuracy and excellent performance of the equipment we will be able to accelerate the fulfilment of the following tasks:
5. CONCLUSIONS
The pilot project on the Soligrosk district was a full success. The Belarus and Swiss governments agreed on a second step of the project on September 1996.
Meanwhile over more than 3000 additional km2 in the Districts of Dzerchinsk, Minsk, Minsk City and Lida the basic cadastral data has been collected in the same as in the Soligorsk district.
A further Organisation BELGIPROZEM and the district Land Management Departments were involved in the utilisation of the new technology.
In the Soligorsk district the LIS has been completed with data in the layers Underflooding of lands. Salinization of land, Subsidence of land, Technogenous and exogenous processes, State of the drainage systems, Fire-ridden areas in forests and peat-fields, Radioactive contamination by strontium, plutonium, Digital Terrain Model.
More and more the Land Information System is used for exploitation of statistical data, special maps and for studying the environmental situation and the measures to be taken for its improvement.
AUTHORS ADDRESSES
| Oleg M. Krupenin Committee for Land Resources 8, Komsomolskaja str. Minsk, 220 050 BELARUS Tel. (0172) 223 65 76 Fax (0172) 226 74 40 |
Jürg Kaufmann Kaufmann Consulting Im Hauffeld 109 CH-8455 Rüdlingen SWITZERLAND Tel. +41-1-867 34 89 Fax +41-1-867 34 89 Email jkcons@swissonline.ch |