Johann Martin LUN (IT)
ABSTRACTS
After the First World War South Tyrol was separated from Austria and it became part of Italy after the peace-treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye the 10 September 1919. The Austrian cadastral system was largely maintained in the combined territories. In 1948 the ARTS (autonomous region Trentino-South Tyrol) took charge of the land register under constitutional law, while the cadastre remained task of the state. Only in 1978 the ARTS was empowered by the state to lead the cadastre and coordinate it with the land register. The cadastral system PREGEO was introduced in Italy in 1988 with exception of the ARTS. In 1996 the PREGEO-System was adopted also by the ARTS.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Nach dem ersten Weltkrieg wurde Südtirol infolge des Friedensvertrages von Saint-Germain-en-Laye vom 10.09.1919 von Österreich abgetrennt und an Italien angegliedert. Das österreichische Katastersystem wurde in den angegliederten Gebieten weitgehend beibehalten. Im Jahre 1948 wurde die Anlage und Führung des Grundbuches per Verfassungsgesetz der ARTS (Autonomen Region Trentino-Südtirol) übertragen, während der Kataster beim Staat verblieb. Erst im Jahre 1978 wurde die ARTS vom Staat beauftragt den Kataster zu führen und mit dem Grundbuch zu koordinieren. Im Jahre 1988 wurde das Katastersystem PREGEO in Italien eingeführt, ausgenommen in der ARTS. Im Jahre 1996 wurde das PREGEO-System auch in der ARTS eingeführt.
RESUME
Après la première guerre mondiale le Tyrol du Sud a été séparé de l’Autriche et est devenu une partie de la république italienne à cause de la paix de Saint-Germain-en-Laye le 10 septembre 1919. Le système cadastral autrichien a été retenu dans les nouveaux territoires. En 1948 la RATS (region autonome du Trentino-Tyrol du Sud) a été autorisée a l’installation et la conduction du livre foncier avec une loi constitutionnelle, pendant que le cadastre restait un devoir de l’Etat. Seulement en 1978 la RATS a été autorisée de l’Etat a conduire et a coordonnée le cadastre avec le livre foncier. Le système cadastrale PREGEO a été introduit en Italie en 1988 a l’exclusion de la RATS. En 1996 le système PREGEO a été introduit aussi en la RATS.
IN GENERAL - THE CARTOGRAPHIC ORGANISATIONS OF ITALY
In Italy there are five cartographic organisations according to the law No.68 dated 02.02.1960 (5).
These are the IGMI (Istituto Geografico Militare Italiano) -Italian Geographic Military Institute-, the IIMI (Istituto Idrografico della Marina Italiana) -Hydrographic Institute of Italian Navy-, the CIGA (Centro Informazioni Geotopografiche Aeronautic) -Geotopographical-Aeronautical Information Centre-, the executive board of the cadastre and the taxation services (Direzione Generale del Catasto e dei Servizi Tecnici Erariali) and the Italian Geological Service (Servizio Geologico d’Italia).
While the first three of them are assigned to the Ministry of Defence, the executive board of the cadastre reports to the Ministry of Finance and the Geological Service on the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Craft.
The Geographic Military Institute -IGMI- has its headquarters in Florence. It is responsible for the basic geodetic surveys and the cartography. This guarantees a uniform and homogeneous representation of the whole country, which has to satisfy the military and civil requirements of the state.
The Hydrographic Institute of Navy -IIMI- has its headquarters in Genoa. It has the duty to survey systematically the Italian seas and its coasts and provide official nautical charts in order to allow safe navigation. The Institute is also engaged in oceanographic works, like the study of the sea-bottom, the dynamics of the waters and their hydrologic characterization.
The CIGA -Geotopographical Information Centre of the Air Force- has its headquarters in Rome. Its responsabilities are military services and the publication of aviation charts.
The executive board of the cadastre and the taxation services has its headquarters in Rome. Depending on the history there were twenty-five different cadastral systems in Italy 1860. In 1871 a commission was set up with the duty of analysing the situation of every single region and lead the cadastre to a uniform solution. The basic law No.3682 from 01.03.1886 provided the creation of a homogeneous geometrical land cadastre for the whole Italian territory. The task was completed in 1956 (2).
The Italian Geological Service has its headquarters in Rome. It is responsible for the geological and gravimetric maps of Italy and sells geological publications and books.
THE ITALIAN CADASTRE
In Italy you have to distinguish between the land cadastre (Nuovo Catasto Terreni) and the building cadastre (Nuovo Catasto Edilizio Urbano).
The base of the land cadastre was laid by the law No.3682 from 01.03.1886, which provided the creation of a uniform parcel cadastre. A lot of other laws followed, which were combined to an uniform text with the royal decree No.1572 from 08.10.1931. The land cadastre includes all the agricultural areas with all the buildings that are part of them, the unproductive land, all the public roads and waters and it includes cartographically the whole national territory.
Approximately 70 millions of parcels are recorded on more or less 300.000 cadastral maps. The land cadastre holds about 19 millions of titles distributed over 46 millions owners (1).
You can distinguish between a descriptive part, which is important for fiscal and administrative matters, and a graphic part. We started to computerise the descriptive part in 1969 and this was completed for the whole Italian territory in 1987. Regarding the graphic part an important step to the computerisation was made with the introduction of the PREGEO-system.
The general registration of buildings and the creation of the New Building Cadastre NCEU was introduced by decree No. 652 from 13.04.1939, which became law No. 1249 from 11.08.1939 and was changed by decree No. 514 from 08.04.1948 (2). The NCEU has the duty to register all the buildings within the national territory with exception of the rural buildings. Nowadays approximately 36 millions of dwelling units with 27 millions of owners are registered in about 15 millions of titles (1).
THE HISTORY OF THE CADASTRE IN SOUTH TYROL
South Tyrol in the North and the Trentino in the South form the ARTS, autonomous region Trentino-South Tyrol, part of the Italian Republic. Until after the First World War, in 1918, both territories were part of the country Tyrol and therefore of Austria.
By the order from 23.12.1817 the emperor Francis I of Austria directed the set up of a permanent cadastre with the following words :
" In consideration of the disparities, which arise by the assessment of the land tax by the existing measure of distribution for entire provinces, districts and communities, as well as for single taxpayers, we reached the decision to adopt in our German and Italian provinces a fixed system of land tax principally inexpensive (3)."
In Tyrol the triangulation tasks were accomplished by the k.k. military geographic and engineering corps of the Austrian empire from 1851 to 1854. Those tasks were completed between 1852 to 1858 by the trigonometrists of the triangulation and calculation office of the cadastral surveying bureau. The origin of the of the cadastral survey was the southern tower of the Parish Church in Innsbruck (4). The baseline of the cadastral triangulation is formed by the triangleside from the coordinates origin to Säulenberg with approximately 10 km length. After having completed the triangulation, whenever there were no church steeples, the stabilisation of the triangulation-points was established from 1859 to 1862. Then the detailed survey was performed in every community by plane-table survey.
After the First World War the Austrian borders were raffly laid down with the peace-treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 10.09.1919 and determined on the spot by an international boundary committee not until 1924. As result parts of Austria went to Italy such as South Tyrol and the Trentino (6). In Trento a technical cadastral section was founded, which took upon the duties of the former cadastral inspectorate, which had had its headquarters in Innsbruck. The technical cadastral section continued to coordinate the direction of the cadastre under the Austrian regulations (3).
In 1928, by the legislative unification of the new Italian territories, the maintenance of the Austrian land register system appeared as a temporary solution with Art. 2 of the royal decree No. 2325 from 04.11.1928. This was to be enforced until new regulations of a general nature for the rights on properties open to the public were published. This temporary regulation became permanent due to royal decree No. 499 from 28.03.1929, which determined the regulation of the land registers of the general Austrian law No. 95 from 25.07.1871. Whereby all other laws and regulations remained in effect only in the new Italian territories, unless they were compatible with the royal Italian decree and the new text of the general Austrian law from the year 1871 (7).
The executive board of the Italian cadastre ordered with by circular No. 9016 from 13.10.1932, that the direction of the cadastre in the new territories should follow the former Austrian legislation, i.e. law No. 83 from 23.05.1883 and the ministerial order No. 91 from 11.06.1883, which includes detailed regulations for the complete implementation of the rules determined by law (3).
Therefore in the new Italian territories parts of the Austrian law were adopted by the Italian legislation and the Austrian land register system was largely maintained. The Austrian land register system had the goal to keep the records of rights of possession open to the public.
By the first autonomy statute, according to the constitutional law No.5 from 26.02.1948, the ARTS received primary legislative and administrative powers by the art. 4, 7 and 13 for the administration of the land register. The real cadastre still remained in charge of the national administration (8).
By the decree of the president of the republic No. 569 from 31.07.1978 in the second autonomy statute the ARTS was empowered to coordinate the cadastre with the land register (8).
Because of the separation of the cadastre (state) from the land register (ARTS) in 1948 both of the services developed independent of each other and often chose separate ways. For 20 years now both of the services have been led by the ARTS and the regional committee made full use of its legislative competence in order to reach the best possible coordination.
THE CADASTRAL SYSTEM PREGEO
The cadastral system PREGEO was introduced in all of Italy with exception of the territory of the ARTS with the circular No. 2/1988 of cadastral executive board effective from 01.03.1988.
The circular No. 2/1988 reports on:
"New methods for the automated continuation of the cartographic documents. Directions for the administration of the technical documents. Instructions for the renovation of the cadastre."
The PREGEO is a software-program, which was created by order of the Ministry of Finance, by the SOGEI-company (Società Generale di Informatica S.p.A) for the executive board of the cadastre.
The program is free for all the technicians, who provide plans of subdivision for private and public customers. An enlarged program, which makes it possible to control the plans of subdivision of the technicians, is available to the cadastral offices.
Already in 1976 the cadastral administration had chosen the procedures and the necessary hardware to provide a numerical cadastre system in order to store the geometric information of the cadastral cartography in archives.
With the application of the PREGEO-system the following should be obtained :
The PREGEO-system entails three changes for the freelance technician, who until now has provided plans of subdivision with the necessary equipment and his knowledge. These changes are :
THE INTRODUCTION OF THE PREGEO IN THE ARTS.
The PREGEO-system was introduced in the ARTS with the decree of the president of the regional committee No. 6/L from 16.05.1996, published in the official regional gazette 02.07.1996, and became effective on 17.07.1996.
In the region there are 21 cadastral offices - 12 in the Trentino and 9 in South Tyrol.
The 9 cadastral offices of South Tyrol administer 246 cadastral communities with 4584 cadastral maps, most of them are on a scale of 1:2880. But there are also maps on a scale of 1:1440 and 1:1000, mostly in built-up areas.
By 30.06.1997 the cadastre of South Tyrol administered 487.589 land parcels and 121.688 building parcels. 147.762 building-units were registered in the building cadastre.
Besides the already existing network of fixed points, the PF-network are being densed in cooperation with freelance technicians, most of them organised in the tpg, association of topographers of the region Trentino-South-Tyrol. According to the regulations of the decree of the president of the regional committee No. 38/A from 22.01.1985 new fixed points are marked, which establish the basis for the triangular network of the PF-points in the PREGEO-system.
Corners of buildings are also determined and marked as PF-points.
The distance between the single PF-points of the PF-triangle should be from 250 to 300 m in built-up areas, in other areas the distance should be approximately 500 m.
The PF-network is measured by the geodetic service of the ARTS with GPS-receivers. In the headquarters of the cadastral office in Bolzano-Bozen a permanent GPS-station BZRG was established. On the top of the buildings of the cadastral offices of Brunico-Bruneck , Chiusa-Klausen, Merano-Meran and Silandro-Schlanders a net of fixed points was set up for GPS-repeat-measures.
South Tyrol has participated in the international measure-campaign EUVN97 with the fixed GPS-station BZRG and the fixed points of Brunico-Bruneck BRUN and Silandro-Schlanders SILA.
The WGS84-coordinates of the points are transformed to the national geodetic-system, so that for most of the PF-points there are coordinates in the GAUSS-BOAGA-system.
The points were also connected with the first order of precision levelling-network.
A block adjustment of observation equations was accomplished with all the measures including those from previous years, so that the precision of the coordinates of the existing PF-points was increased. By 30.06.1997 the geodetic service of the ARTS has coordinated 3500 PF-points.
According to the point-quality the PF-points are classified by their reliability. A point of first order of the IGMI gets reference number 1, an inexact graphic point taken from charts gets number 9.
It is a task of the responsible cadastral office to draw the PF-points of the PREGEO with their reference numbers in the original cadastral maps.
The following measuring methods can be used in the PREGEO:
THE FORM OF THE SUBDIVISION-PLAN IN THE PREGEO
The usual form of the subdivision-plan for South Tyrol, the bilingual K/10, remained the same, also after the introduction of the PREGEO. It can be filled in German or Italian; the language can be chosen by the technician. In the Trentino the form is only Italian.
The plan of subdivision must include the following elements:
With the introduction of the PREGEO also the measure-scheme is showed on the subdivision-plan, so that the PF-triangle, the measuring-object in the triangle and the connecting traverses are clearly visible. This used not to be necessary.
The field-data were unified by the PREGEO-system. The stations are designated with 100, 200, 300 and so on at the polar survey. The new points taken from station 100 are designated with 101, 102, 103 and so on, those from station 200; 201, 202, 203 and so on. If a station includes more than 99 new points, these stations are designated with 1000, 2000, 3000 and so on.
The register of fieldwork is an important part of a plan of subdivision. It includes, besides the measured field data, all of the PREGEO prescribed and coded information. It is normally on the form of the subdivision plan, or, if there is not enough space left, it is added as supplement to the subdivision plan. The register of fieldwork has to be submitted on diskette to the cadastral office.
The PREGEO provides for a uniform register of fieldwork 8 line codes, which makes it possible to process the data electronically and independently from the chosen measuring method.
Line code 0 contains all the statistic data of the subdivision-plan. These are: the date of submission, the record number, the cadastral community code, the sheet-number, the respective parcels, the technician’s name, the qualification such as engineer, architect, landsurveyor and so on and the province code.
Line code 1 contains the station-number and the kind of mark.
Line code 2 contains the number of the target point, the bearing and the horizontal distance and the description of the point.
Line code 3 contains the quantity of the traverse points and the sequence of station and PF-numbers.
Line code 4 marks the starting and the final point of a tape measure line, the eventual correcting angle and the description of the starting point.
Line code 5 marks the number, the ordinate and the abscissa of the new point and the description of the point in a tape measurement.
Line code 6 is for comments. So the line 6 is at the beginning of each register of fielwork, because the kind of measuring instrument and the approached medium sea-level are stated in the first lines. Line 6 is also before each line 7 and describes its contents, for instance : new boundary, new building and so on.
Line code 7 contains the quantity of points and the sequence of point numbers, for example of the new boundary or of the outline of the building.
The PREGEO-data of the fieldwork register are reduced at first to the geoid and then to the cartographic level at the cartographic processing.
CONCLUSION
By the introduction of the PREGEO a uniform cadastral system was created for the whole Italian territory. In the ARTS all the existing cadastral maps are digitalised. In certain areas new measures were initialised because often the old cadastral maps were to imprecise. The digitalised cadastral maps, the always enlarged PF-network, the uniform data of the plans of subdivision, the application of the most modern technology, not only the GPS but also centres with graphic-stations of the newest computer technology and programs will achieve in a few years a change from the ‘venerable’ cadastral map to a modern cadastral information system.
Authors address :
Johann Martin Lun, I-39025 Naturno-Naturns (BZ), Castleway 10
South Tyrol/ITALY
REFERENCES
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES
1945 born in Innsbruck/Tirol/AUSTRIA
1960 - 1965 studies at the surveyors-high school in Bolzano-Bozen/South Tyrol/ITALY
1965 - 1969 engineering office BECKER - Munich/GERMANY
1967 road survey / BURUNDI/West Africa
1969 - 1975 Prakla-Seismos GmbH, Hannover/GERMANY, surveys & seismic in ITALY, GERMANY, DENMARK, GABON/West Africa and as navigator on a seismic vessel at the North Sea/NORWAY
1975 Philipp Holzmann AG/ Frankfurt/GERMANY road surveys, IVORY COAST/West Africa
1976 engineering office Gritsch&Hell, Naturno-Naturns/South Tyrol/ITALY
1977 - 1978 GERI Consult/Frankfurt am Main/GERMANY surveys in IVORY COAST and SAUDI ARABIA
since 1978 freelance surveyor, Naturno-Naturns/South Tyrol/ITALY
1981 pipeline survey, SAUDI ARABIA.